Indicator: High school graduation Breadcrumb Home Indicators High School Graduation Definition Students graduate from high school with a regular diploma within four, five, and six years of entering high school. Recommended Metric(s) Adjusted cohort graduation rate (the percentage of first-time 9th graders who graduate with a regular diploma within four, five, and six years of entering high school, regardless of whether they transferred schools)View CEDS ConnectionAdjusted cohort graduation rate (the percentage of first-time 9th graders who graduate with a regular diploma within four, five, and six years of entering high school, regardless of whether they transferred schools)CEDS Connections offer guidance, including data elements and step-by-step analysis recommendations, for how to calculate select metrics.View PowerBI ReportReport: High school graduationPower BI reports developed by the Common Education Data Standards (CEDS) Open Source Community (OSC) reflect key metrics for comprehensive analysis and decision-making. Type(s) of Data Needed Administrative data Why it matters High school graduation is a critical milestone along the pathway to a multitude of better life outcomes, including the likelihood of attending college.1, 2, 3, 4, 5 In contrast, individuals who leave school before earning a high school diploma face bleak economic, social, and health prospects.6, 7, 8 There are narrowing but persistent gaps in graduation rates for students from low-income households; Black, Latino, and Indigenous students; and emerging multilingual students.9 For example, in 2019, 93 percent of Asian/Pacific Islander students and 89 percent of White students graduated on time, compared to 82 percent of Latino students, 80 percent of Black students, and 74 percent of Indigenous students.10 What to know about measurement High school completion is regularly reported in administrative data systems, and the metric definition (adjusted cohort graduation rate) has been adopted across the country. However, states (and in some cases, districts) have leeway to set graduation requirements. For example, 17 states specify non-course requirements in addition to course requirements, which also vary.11 Given significant increases in graduation rates over time and their use for school accountability, there has been some concern that localities are incentivized to “lower the bar” or “game” the calculation of the adjusted cohort rates (for example, by removing certain students from the cohort count). Although some instances of problematic practices have been documented, research suggests standards for graduations have not been lowered and the observed improvements in the data are largely substantiated.12, 13.On-time graduation in four years is most commonly reported, as it is the time to graduation that most students should aim to achieve. As such, it is important to ensure equitable outcomes in four-year rates. However, examining four-year graduation rates only can mask the achievements of students who may need more time to graduate (for example, special education students), so we recommend measuring five- and six-year graduation rates as well. Data systems should also collect information on whether students complete a high school equivalency credential. E-W Case Studies Image From Data to Action: Nebraska’s Blueprint for Education and Workforce Success Through its robust research framework and innovative data visualizations, Nebraska's NSWERS system transforms complex data into actionable insights for policymakers, educators, and families. View Case Study Image California's Cradle-to-Career Data System California is developing a data system that brings together data from early learning programs, schools, colleges, financial aid providers, employers, workforce training programs, and social services. View Case Study Source frameworks This indicator appeared in 13 source frameworks reviewed for this report. Our proposed measure aligns with the CORE Districts’ Improvement Measures, which include four-, five-, and six-year cohort graduation rates. References 11Education Commission of the States. (2019). 50-state comparison: High school graduation requirements. https://www.ecs.org/high-school-graduation-requirements/12America’s Promise Alliance. (2022). Are high school graduation gains real? https://www.americaspromise.org/are-high-school-graduation-gains-real13Harris, D. N. (2020). Are America’s high school graduation rates real—or just an accountability-fueled mirage? Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/brown-center-chalkboard/2020/03/02/are-americas-rising-high-school-graduation-rates-real-or-just-an-accountability-fueled-mirage/1What Works Clearinghouse (WWC). (2017). Preventing dropout in secondary schools. Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/practiceguide/242Oreopoulos, P., & Salvanes, K. G. (2011). Priceless: The nonpecuniary benefits of schooling. Journal of Economic Perspectives 25(1), 159–84. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.25.1.1593Belfield, C. R., & Levin, H. M. (2007). The price we pay: Economic and social consequences of inadequate education. Brookings Institution Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7864/j.ctt1262694Rumberger, R. W. (2011). Dropping out: Why students drop out of high school and what can be done about it. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.97806740631675Long, B. T. (2010). Dropout prevention and college prep. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/targeting-investments-children-fighting-poverty-when-resources-are-limited/dropout-prevention-and-college-prep 6Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2021). Employment Projections. U.S. Department of Labor. https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/unemployment-earnings-education.htm 7See WWC (2017).8See Rumberger (2011).9DePaoli, J. L., Balfanz, R., Bridgeland, J., Atwell, M., & Ingram, E. S. (2017).Building a grad nation: Progress and challenge in raising high school graduation rates. Civic Enterprises. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED585524 10National Center for Educational Statistics. (2021). Public high school graduation rates. Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/coi